"Ben-Hur Stops Messala's Chariot. — Act III. Scene 4."

Plate following page 214 in The Player's Edition of "Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ" (©1901 Harper & Brothers; ©1908 Henry L. Wallace).

"Illustrated with scenes and characters from the play." The character of Messala is shown as William S. Hart.

Hart as Messala

William S. Hart liked to say he "created" the role of Messala — and in a sense he did. He set the precedent for all "Messalas" to follow. Hart was the first to portray the bad-guy character when William Young's adaptation of General Lew Wallace's best-selling "Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ" opened at the Broadway Theater in New York City on November 29, 1899.

Wallace wasn't too sure his 1880 book would translate to the stage, but, according to the General Lew Wallace Study & Museum in Crawfordsville, Ind. (northwest of Indianapolis), presenters Marc Klaw and Abraham Erlanger convinced him otherwise.

"The Player's Edition" of "Ben-Hur" (©1908). Photograph of actor Edward Morgan as Judah Ben-Hur incorporated into the cover.

For one thing: How to portray Jesus? Simple. As a beam of white light. And the chariot race? That would take some engineering.

Davis (2003:38) writes: "The climactic chariot race was created with two horses, a white and a black, side by side on double treadmills, supplemented with a mass of wheels, steel cables, levers, the sound of cracking whips, and a panorama of the Circus Maximus racing past as the two finalists struggled for victory. Ben Hur's and Messala's horses alternated in front of one another until they reached stage center, whereupon Ben Hur's chariot slowly pulled ahead and Messala's collapsed."

Fans and critics were awed by the spectacle.

Wallace, who had been present during the rehearsals, told Hart after the debut performance, "I want to thank you for giving me the Messala that I drew in my book" (ibid.)

Edward Morgan opened as the first Judah Ben-Hur. While Hart was retained, most of the cast was replaced the following season. Morgan's title role went to an actor who would migrate to the silver screen around the same time as Hart: William Farnum, who stayed with "Ben-Hur" for five years. Dustin Farnum was his more famous brother.

"Ben-Hur" ran for 21 years, touring from city to city throughout the U.S. on (usually) two-week engagements, also traveling to Europe and Australia. According to the Wallace Museum, it's estimated that more than 20 million people took in some 6,000 performances.

Of course, Hart didn't stay with it all that time; just two seasons, in fact. The 1901-1902 season found him touring as the minister John Storm in the road-show production of novelist Hall Caine's "The Christian."

"Ben-Hur" was dramatized as a motion picture in 1907, 1925, 1959 and 2003. For the famous 1959 picture starring Charlton Heston, the chariot race was coordinated by Yakima Canutt, who actually did more film work in the Santa Clarita Valley than Hart.

When William S. Hart began his film career in 1914, he initiated a fresh approach to Westerns that continues to influence the genre today. Although Western motion pictures were already very popular, for the most part they were exercises in mediocrity, filled with "impossibilities or libels on the West," according to Hart in his 1929 autobiography, My Life East and West. But in the course of appearing in or producing more than 60 movies over an eleven-year span, William S. Hart created a film style that revealed a more authentic vision of the Old West. At the same time, he made a major contribution to film history by developing and embodying the prototype of the frontier hero. Fame, artistic recognition, and wealth were Hart's rewards.

William Surrey Hart was born in Newburgh, New York, probably in 1864. During his boyhood, his family traveled extensively in the Midwest as his father searched unsuccessfully for the ideal site to build a gristmill and make a permanent home for his family. Young Bill was raised in a pioneer atmosphere; he had contact with Indians, ranchers, and cowboys and learned Indian sign language and a little of the Sioux language from his playmates. He gained a respect for Indians and their cultures that he never lost.

The Hart family returned to New York while Bill was in his early teens, and it was there that he developed an interest in the stage. By 1900 he had appeared in productions from New York to San Francisco to Montreal. He received critical acclaim for his own production of The Man in the Iron Mask and his creation of the role of Messala in Ben Hur.

Hart's first Western role was also in a stage production: in 1905, he was cast as "Cash" Hawkins in The Squaw Man. His subsequent stage roles were primarily Western and included the lead in an enormously successful production of The Virginian.

While touring with the company of The Trail of the Lonesome Pine in 1914, Hart decided to move to California to make Western films. In his autobiography, he wrote, "I was an actor and I know the West. ... I had to bend every endeavor to get a chance to make Western motion pictures." Hart obtained parts in several Westerns and collaborated in writing screenplays, and his film career was launched.

As a filmmaker, Hart drew on his childhood experiences, insisting on using realistic costumes, locales, and situation. The public loved "Two Gun Bill" and his movies, and he obliged the fans with one success after another. He became one of Hollywood's top actors and most successful directors.

Some of Hart's Westerns were shot on and around a ranch in Newhall, California. In 1921^[1] he purchased the property from Babcock Smith. After completing Tumbleweeds (1925), his final film and one of his finest, Hart commissioned Los Angeles architect Arthur Kelly to design a magnifient Spanish colonial-style mansion, which Hart christened La Loma de los Vientos (Hill of the Winds) and occupied in 1927.

Hart filled his home with treasure reflecting his interest in the West, including Navajo textiles, Indian costumes, guns and weapons, and Western paintings and sculptures. In his retirement, he became active in the operation of his ranch and deeply involved in Santa Clarita Valley community affairs.

He wrote more than a dozen novels and short stories as well as his fascinating autobiography, My Life East and West.

Hart's reputation as a Western figure put him in contact with other prominent personalities of the day. Western enthusiasts, such as Will Rogers and Wyatt Earp, and important artists, including Charles M. Russell, C. C. Crisadoro, and James Montgomery Flagg, visited the ranch or corresponded with Hart.

True to the spirit of Western heroes he had portrayed on screen, Hart was humbly grateful to the fans who had supported his film career. "While I was making pictures, the people gave me their nickels, dimes, and quarters. When I am gone, I want them to have my home." When he died in 1946, he left the bulk of his estate to the County of Los Angeles, stipulating that his house and the ranch property were to be used as a museum and public park.

Today, the Parks and Recreation Department of Los Angeles County operates and maintains William S. Hart Park, which includes hiking and nature trails, a large picnic area, a campground, an exhibit of farm machinery, an assortment of live animals including a herd of bison, and approximately 110 acres set aside as a wilderness area.

The Natural History Museum of Los Angles County is responsible for the interpretation of the historical portion of Hart's bequest, which includes his home and its contents and several other buildings. The Friends of Hart Park and Museum, an active group of local citizens, provides volunteer support services.

La Loma de los Vientos stands today not only as a tribute to William S. Hart but as a valuable and edifying museum. Hart's personal effects and movie paraphernalia are displayed in his home along with Indian artifacts and Western American art that he amassed. These materials form a major resource for understanding the American West as it was perceived in the early part of the century.

1. Note: Original piece from Friends of Hart Park said 1925.

Hart biography ©Friends of Hart Park • Used by permission.