Page 3 - caltrans2008fortier

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Front Matter ____________________________________________________________ i
Individuals and Agencies Consulted ......................................................................................... 5

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 6
2.0 Background ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Local Native American Cultural History ....................................................................................... 12
3.0 Tongva Communities in the Project Region .................................................................... 13
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Settlements ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Economy and Trade ........................................................................................................................ 16
3.4 Gabrielinos on the Eve of Colonialism: An Incipient Complex Foraging Society ........................ 17
3.6 Religion & Spirituality ................................................................................................................... 20
3.5 Current Situation ............................................................................................................................ 21
4.0 Other Native American Communities in the Project Region ......................................... 22
4.1 The Tataviam (also sometimes known as Fernandeño ) ................................................................ 22
4.3 The Chumash .................................................................................................................................. 22
4.3 Peoples of the Eastern Los Angeles Region: Kitanemuk, Vanyume, Cahuilla (Iviatim), and
Kawaiisu (Tehachapi, Nuwa) ............................................................................................................... 23
5.0 Plants of Cultural And Economic Significance ............................................................... 24
5.1 The Cultural Significance of Plants ................................................................................................ 24
5.2 Culturally Significant Gathering Plants in the Project Area .......................................................... 27
6.0 Culturally Significant Landscapes .................................................................................... 37

7.0 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix 1. Table of Plant Uses & Descriptions ................................................................... 42

Appendix 2. Gathering Places (GP) in D7 Project Area ....................................................... 59
Appendix 3 Management Recommendations for Gathering Plants .................................... 69
Appendix 4. Maps of Gathering Locations ............................................................................ 79
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 79

Caltrans D7 Region/Los Angeles County Ethnographic Consultation 3