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scenic, economic, ecological, social, recreational and 1991; A Reality Check for Our Nation's Parks, Volume 16,
educational opportunities that help us understand ourselves No.4, 1993; Historic Transportation Corridors, Volume 16,
as individuals, communities and as a nation. Their ongoing No. 11, 1993; and, The Interpretation of Cultural
preservation can yield an improved quality of life for all, Landscapes, Volume 17, No.8, 1994.
and, above all, a sense of place or identity for future Pioneers of American Landscape Design: An Annotated
generations. Bibliography, Preservation Assistance Division, 1993
(ISBN:0-16-041974-3).
Selected Reading Making Educated Decisions: A Landscape Preservation
Birnbaum, Charles A, guest editor. Preservation Forum. Bibliography, Preservation Assistance Division, 1994
"Focus on Landscape Preservation". Washington, D.C.: (ISBN:0-16-045145-0)
National Trust for Historic Preservation, Volume 7, No.3, National Register Bulletin 18: How to Evaluate and Nominate
May/June 1992. Designed Historic Landscapes; National Register Bulletin 30:
Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic
Buggey Susan, guest editor. APT Bulletin. Special Issue:
Conserving Historic Landscapes. Fredericksburg, VA: Landscapes; National Register Bulletin 40: Guidelines for
Association for Preservation Technology International, Evaluating and Registering Battlefields; and, National
Volume XXIV, No. 3-4, 1992. Register Bulletin 41: Guidelines for Evaluating and
Burns, John A, and the Staff of HABS/HAER. Recording Registering Cemeteries, Interagency Resources Division.
Historic Structures. American Institute of Architects Press, Endnotes
1989. (Includes chapter on the documentation of Meridian
Hill Park, pp. 206-219.) 1 The cultural landscape definitions are contained in NP5-28, Cultural Resource
Diehl, Janet and Thomas S. Barrett, et al. The Conservation Management Guideline, Release No.4, 1994, National Park Service.
Easement Handbook. Managing Land Conservation and Historic 2 For an expanded list of offices to contact, see America's Ltmdscape Legacy
Preservation Easement Programs, The Land Trust Exchange brochure. Free from the National Park Service Preservation Assistance
(now Alliance) and the Trust for Public Land, 1988. Division.
3 From Kelso, William, A Rqurt on the Archeological ExClllXltion at Monticello,
International CommIttee of Historic Gardens and Sites, Charlottesville, VA, 1979-1981, Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1982.
ICOMOS-IFLA. Jardins et Sites Historiques, Scientific Journal. 4'Lewis, Pierce, "Common Landscapes as Historic Documents," Lubar, Steven
ICOMOS 1993. Compilation of papers on the subject, in and Kingery, W. David (eds.), Essays on Material Culture, Smithsonian Institution
both english and french. Press, Washington, IX, 1993, p. 138.
Kelso, William M., and Rachel Most. Earth Patterns: Essays 5 Meinig, D. W. 'The Beholding Eye: Ten Versions of the Same Scene," The
in Landscape Archaeology. Charlottesville, VA: University Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes, Oxford University Press, New York,
Press of Virginia, 1990. 1979, pp. 3348.
Stokes, Samuel, N., et al. Saving America's Countryside: A 6 See National Park Service National Register Bulletins under Selected Reading
Guide to Rural Conservation. Baltimore and London: John (opposite).
Hopkins University Press, 1989. 7 The Historic American Buildings Survey, HABS, has generated standards for
landscape documentation that they now utilize on a number of projects.
Tishler, William, editor. American Landscape Architecture, Specifically, a case study on recording historic landscapes is included in
Designers and Places. Washington, DC: The Preservation Recording Historic Structures, pp. 206-219. See Selected Reading (opposite).
Press, 1989.
8 This is being undertaken with technical assistance from the Olmsted Center
Several publications available from the National Park for Landscape Preservation a partnership between the National Park Service
Service deal directly with the preservation of historic and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University that provides cultural
landscapes. These include: landscape technical assistance, technology development and training.
America's Landscape Legacy, Brochure, Preservation 9 See National Register Bulletin 16A: Haw to Complete the National Register
Assistance Division, 1992. Registration Form. Washington, DC: Us. Department of the Interior, National
Park Service, Interagency Resources Division, 1991.
Guidelines for the Treatment of Historic Landscapes, 10 Ibid.
Preservation Assistance Division, 1992 (Draft).
11 The standards are general principles for the treatment of buildings, structures,
Case Studies in Landscape Preservation, Preservation sites, objects, districts and landscapes. The treatment standards are one set of
Assistance Division in cooperation with the Alliance for standards included in the broader group known as the Secretary of the Interior's
Landscape Preservation, 1995. Standards for Archaeology and Historic Preseroation.
Cultural Landscapes Bibliography: An Annotated 12 The Secretary of the Interior is responsible for establishing professional
Bibliography of Resources in the National Park System, Park standards and providing advice on the preservation and protection of all
Historic Architecture Division, 1992. cultural resources listed on or eligible for the National Register of Historic
Places. For a copy of the brochure, The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the
Historic Landscape Directory; A Source Book of Agencies, Treabnent of Historic Properties, 1992 contact the National Park Service
Organizations, and Institutions Providing Information Preservation Assistance Division (424) Box 37127 Washington, IX 20013-7127.
on Historic Landscape Preservation, Preservation 13 A visual information system, a computer-aided mapping program with a
Assistance Division, 1991. linked database, has been developed for the historic landscape at the Frederick
CRM, Cultural Resource Management, Thematic Issues: Olmsted National Historic Site. Data can be accessed directly from a digitized
The Preservation of Cultural Landscapes, Volume 14, No.6, map such as information on each plant including identification, age, location,
size, condition, and maintenance history.
Acknowledgements
This publication has been prepared pursuant to the National Historic Center for Landscape Preservation at the Frederick Law Olmsted National
Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, which directs the Secretary of the Interior Historic Site including Margie Coffin, Lauren Meier, Nora Mitchell, and Charlie
to develop and make information concerning historic properties. Comments on Pepper provided invaluable support. In particular, the proposed rewrite on
the usefulness of this publication may be directed to H. Ward Jandl, Deputy preservation maintenance and historic plant materials was written by Margie
Chief, Preservation Assistance Division, National Park Service, P. O. Box 37127, Coffin. Significant contributions were also made by Patricia M. O'Donnell, Linda
Washington, D.C. 20013-7127. This publication is not copyrighted and can be McClelland, Ellen Lipsey, Christine Capella Peters, Robert Page, Ian Firth and
reproduced without penalty. Normal procedures for credit to the author and the Robert Melnick. Useful comments and technical assistance were provided by
National Park Service are appreciated. regional NPS staff (Mary Hughes, Lucy Lawliss, Jill Cowley, Sherda Williams,
The author, Charles A. Birnbaum, Coordinator, Historic Landscape Initiative, Michael Crowe, Robbyn Jackson) and staff at the Preservation Assistance
Preservation Assistance Division, National Park Service would like to Division (Cheryl Wagner, Michael Auer and Anne Grimmer).
acknowledge the assistance of H. Ward Jandl and Kay Weeks. The Olmsted September 1994

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